Integration formulae

 

• Standard Substitutions

• For terms of the form x2 + a2  or  put x = a tan   or   a cot
• For terms of the form x2 – a2   or    put  x = a sec    or  a cosec
• For terms of the form a2 – x2   or  put  x = a sin   or  a cos
• If both  are present then put  x = a cos
• For the type   put  x = a cos² + b sin² 
• For the type put the expression within the bracket = t
• For the type   put 
• For again put (x + a) = t (x + b)